A focus on nurturing unique human skills that artificial intelligence (AI) and machines seem unable to replicate: Many of these experts discussed in their responses the human talents they believe machines and automation may not be able to duplicate, noting that these should be the skills developed and nurtured by education and training programs to prepare people to work successfully alongside AI. These respondents suggest that workers of the future will learn to deeply cultivate and exploit creativity, collaborative activity, abstract and systems thinking, complex communication, and the ability to thrive in diverse environments.
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Using machines during exercise is perceived as being safer than free weights, but there may be an over sense of security with machines potentially leading to more overexertion type injuries.3 The injuries seen with strongman athletes and odd shaped objects has led to the idea that strongman style resistance training programs can have an increased risk of injury over traditional exercises.13 Personal trainers choose exercises and make programs to prevent injuries and improve health.
A total of 6175 personal trainer email addresses were collected from individual gym websites and forums. The survey and recruitment letter were distributed by finding any instructor email addresses or the gym email address on the individual gym websites and contacting through email. The recruitment letter was also posted on social media and on health and fitness forums with a link to the survey. The recruitment letter asked instructors or the gym to distribute the survey to all other personal trainers they knew. The survey was designed to be filled out only by individuals who identified themselves as personal trainers as specified in the recruitment letter.
The respondents were 54.5% female and 45.5% male. The average personal trainer age was 39.812.7 years. Personal trainers have been working for 13.410.0 years and work 32.416.3 hours per week. Personal training is the primary employment for 84.03% of the study participants (Table 1).
Kettlebells were used by 70.4% of personal trainers with 73.5% reporting one-on-one training to ensure proper form. The most common way for a personal trainer to learn how to use kettlebells was self-taught (40.5%) followed by a course (23.4%). I do not know how to use kettlebells was reported by 10.8% of personal trainers.
The use of odd-shaped objects as part of an exercise program was reported by 27.2% of personal trainers. Olympic weightlifting platforms or Olympic style weightlifting rubberized bumper mats were used by 30.5% of personal trainers. Olympic style weightlifting shoes are utilized by 9.3% of personal trainers. Barefoot lifting was allowed by 23.8% of personal trainers and toe shoes were allowed by 47.6% of personal trainers.
The typical exercise program for personal trainers responding to this survey was 33% dumbbells/barbells, 24% cardio, 12% machines, 12% resistance bands, 11% kettlebells, 7% Olympic weightlifting, and 22% other. Only 2.4% of personal trainers performed no stretching. The most common form of stretching was static (80.0%), then dynamic (75.6%), and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (55.2%).
Olympic weightlifting (Table 4) in practice is different amongst the top four personal trainer certifications (ACE, ACSM, NASM, and NSCA). NSCA professionals (52.0%) performed more Olympic weightlifting than no certification (34.5%, P=0.035), ACE (13.5%, P=0.0001), ACSM (16.7%, P=0.0001), and NASM (30.8%, P=0.007). ACE (P=0.001) and ACSM (P=0.003) taught less Olympic weightlifting than no certification. NASM taught more Olympic weightlifting than ACE (P=0.047) and ACSM (P=0.01). There was no statistical difference between ACE and ACSM or NASM and having no certification.
Allowing clients to perform 1-RM clean and jerk/hang clean was increased amount NSCA (14.9%) professionals compared to ACE (P=0.02), ACSM (P=0.002), and NASM (P=0.02). No ACE professional (0%) reported allowing clients to 1-RM on this exercise, this was statistically lower than those with no certification (P=0.04). There were no statistical differences in between ACE, ACSM, and NASM. Allowing clients to perform 1-RM snatch revealed no statistically significant difference between the types of personal trainer certification. No certification had no statistically significant difference when compared to each of the types of personal trainer certification.
Barefoot lifting is allowed more by NSCA (35.4%) and NASM (37.1%) professionals than those from ACE (16.3%) and ACSM (18.6%). There was no statistically significant difference between no certification and any of the personal trainer certifications.
Toe shoe use showed no statistically significant difference between no certification and any of the four common personal trainer certifications. Toe shoes were allowed by more NASM (66.7%) than ACSM (42.9%, P=0.001) and NSCA (50.4%, P=0.049).
Personal trainers who had either a CSCS or a USA weightlifting certification had statistically significant differences in Olympic weightlifting, 1-RM snatch or clean and jerk/hang clean, odd-shaped objects, Olympic platform use, Olympic weightlifting shoe use, barefoot lifting, and allowing toe shoes compared to those without a strength and conditioning certification. CSCS professionals had a statistically significant difference in kettlebell use (76.4%) and one-on-one teaching (80.5%) compared to non-strength and conditioning certified individuals (P=0.04, P=0.014), but there was no statistically significant difference between CSCS and USA weightlifting certified individuals in kettlebell use or one-on-one teaching.
The personal trainers surveyed were experienced with 13.410.0 years of work experience. The number of years of experience suggests that personal trainers in the survey have been practicing through various waves of different popular exercise programs. Of personal trainers, 84.0% surveyed reported that their primary employment was exercise related. The survey also suggests that more personal trainers are female than male (54.5 vs. 45.5%).
Personal trainers with an NSCA personal trainer certification taught more Olympic weightlifting than uncertified personal trainers, ACE, ACSM, or NASM. NSCA personal training professionals also appear more comfortable with allowing 1-RM clean and jerk/hang cleans, but all personal trainers generally did not perform 1-RM on snatch. Uncertified personal trainers reported less one-on-one training with kettlebells at a statistically significant level compared to ACSM, NASM, and NSCA professionals, although uncertified professionals did report the lowest use of kettlebells.
Stretching is performed by the majority of personal trainers, with only 2.4% reporting not having participants do any stretching. Personal trainers most commonly performed static stretching (80.0%) or dynamic stretching (75.6%). The importance of stretching has been evaluated in the literature,18-21 but there is no general consensus on what the best stretching routine is to improve flexibility and performance. Based on the idea that only 2.4% of personal trainers did no stretching, personal trainers clearly feel that there is an importance in performing some type of stretching with clients.
The typical programming of a personal trainer is 33% dumbbell/barbell resistance training, 24% cardiovascular endurance exercises, 12% resistance bands, 12% exercise machines, 11% kettlebells, 7% Olympic weightlifting, and 22% other. This information shows that personal trainers use a variety of different techniques with clients and since we know that 29.6% of personal trainers do not use kettlebells and 72.4% of personal trainers teach no Olympic weightlifting, there must be a wide variety of different programs done in gyms and studios around the United States. There is not one best way to program exercise and therefore we expect there to be variability amongst personal trainers who have different backgrounds in exercise training. We are reporting that kettlebells are used more NASM and NSCA personal training certified professionals than uncertified personal trainers and that CSCS professionals also perform more kettlebell use than non-strength and conditioning certified individuals. Olympic weightlifting is more likely to be performed by NSCA personal trainers, CSCS professionals and those with a USA weightlifting certification. Our data shows the 3.1% of personal trainers surveyed who identified themselves specifically as personal trainers also had some advanced standardized training as a CrossFit instructor. CrossFit is a type of HIPT that has been shown to have improvements in VO2 Max and body composition,10 while showing to have a strong adherence rate.22 The only study to calculate an injury rate to date of CrossFit participants calculated a rate of 3.1 injuries per 1000 hours,23 which is similar to the calculated injury rates of powerlifting (1 to 4.4 injuries per 1000 training hours,24,25 strongman athletes 5.56.5 training injuries per 1000 hours,13 dancing 1.5-4 per 1000 hours, rowing 3.67 per 1000 hours, Australian competitive calisthenics 1.1 per 1000 training hours and boxing 2 per 1000 hours.26-29 Injury rates in contact sports have been quoted as 20.7 per 1000 training hours or 6.9 per 1000 hours for pro rugby, 16 per 1000 hours of practice/competition for American football, 14.3/1000 hours handball games, and 17.1/1000 hours soccer.30-34 Bodybuilding has been found to have 0.24 injuries per 1000 training hours.35 The current literature suggests that HIPT is no more dangerous than other forms of weight training. 2ff7e9595c
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